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Carmen Christi: A Reformed Perspective

I excerpt reformed apologist Dr. James R. White’s discussion on Philippians 2:5-11, which is found in his book titled The Forgotten Trinity: Recovering the Heart of Christian Belief, Revised & Updated, published by Bethany House Publishers, Grand Rapids, MI 2019, Chapter 8. Carmen Christi: The Hymn to Christ as to God, pp. 119-130. Bold emphasis will be mine.

The hymns sung by the church have always told of the faith that is hers. While few today dwell on what our hymns really say, the early church placed much more emphasis upon the content of her hymns. Fragments of the earliest “hymnal” are found in the text of the New Testament. We get a tantalizing glimpse at what the earliest Christians confessed in music. Probably the longest “song,” and certainly the most important, is provided by the apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians.

Philippians 2:5-11 has been identified as the Carmen Christi, the “Hymn to Christ as God.” Some modern translations, such as the NIV, NRSV, TEV, and JB, set this passage apart in poetic form to indicate the fact that most scholars see in this passage something other than straight prose or teaching. Instead, what is found here may well be a section, maybe a verse or two, of an ancient Christian hymn.

If, in fact, Paul is referring believers to a commonly known song, we can imagine the effect his words had. In our day, it is common for a minister to incorporate a reference to a well-known and well-loved hymn so as to make a strong point. Many close a sermon on the grace of God, for example, by saying, “Amazing grace, how sweet the sound, that saved a wretch like me!” The minister doesn’t need to tell us what hymn number he is referring to. He doesn’t need to give us the name. Just a line or two is enough. “I once was blind, but now I see” is sufficient to bring to our minds the entire message contained in the song.

I believe that is exactly what Paul is doing in the second chapter of his letter to the Philippians. Verses 5 through 11 provide us with the “sermon illustration” Paul wishes to use. In these words he takes us to the highest points of scriptural revelation, speaking of great eternal truths. Yet he does so through the words of a familiar song.

A tremendous number of books and articles have been written concerning the meaning of Philippians 2:5-11. Yet many of them miss the most fundamental point of solid interpretation: context. Often the passage is separated from surrounding text and considered on its own. As we will see, the context of the passage will help us determine the key issue at stake here. And to that context we must first turn.

HUMILITY OF MIND

In this passage, Paul did not just break into a testimony to the greatness of Christ without a reason. He was trying to encourage the Philippians to live and act in a certain manner, and he gives as his example the Lord Jesus. To what kind of behavior was Paul exhorting his listeners? Let’s read:

Therefore if there is any encouragement in Christ, if there is any consolation of love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if any affection and compassion, make my joy complete by being of the same mind, maintaining the same love, united in spirit, intent on one purpose. Do nothing from selfishness or empty conceit, but with humility of mind regard one another as more important than yourselves; do not merely look out for your own personal interests, but also for the interests of others. (Philippians 2:1-4)

How should Christians treat one another? This is what is being addressed in this passage. The apostle reminds his readers of the encouragement they have in Christ, the loving comfort they receive from Him, the fellowship of the Spirit they all enjoy. In light of these many benefits, Paul asks them to make his joy complete by living in a manner worthy of Christian people. They are to be of the same mind, not divided, going in different directions. They are to maintain godly love among themselves, being united in spirit, all moving toward the same goal. Now, how does one keep a diverse group of people together in this way? We all know that Christians sin against one another, and in so doing they disrupt the ideal of believing fellowship. So what is the key to contented and peaceful Christian community? Paul tells us.

“Do nothing from selfishness or empty conceit.” The peace of the fellowship will exist only when believers do not act in a selfish or conceited manner. That is, when we look outside of ourselves and serve others, the unity of purpose and love and compassion will be served. But when we turn in upon ourselves and seek our own good before the good of others, things will fall apart. The key is found in the next phrase: “but with humility of mind regard one another as more important than yourselves.” Here is the great secret of Christian fellowship: humble service toward others. Self-denial. Not “looking out for #1,” but “making everyone else #1, and looking out for them!” The Christian church is to be filled with people who, while equal with one another (“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus,” Galatians 3:28), are willing to put aside their own rights in service to others. The ministry of Jesus Christ is a panoramic picture of what selfless service to others is all about. And this humility of mind is what Paul preaches to his beloved Philippian congregation.

It is in the midst of this exhortation that we find the key verses, 2:5-11. Most often, these verses are examined as a single unit, distinct from the context around them. But it is quite clear that Paul is in no way “changing topics” between verses 4 and 5. In fact, a quick glance at verse 12 shows us that upon completing his comments about Christ, he moves right on with the practical exhortation to humility and obedience in the Philippian assembly. Why is this so important? Because it tells us Paul’s purpose in setting forth this section of an ancient hymn. Paul is giving a “sermon illustration,” a reminder that if we are to be like Christ, we must imitate His humility as well. All of the Carmen Christi is, in fact, a means of illustrating what it means to act in “humility of mind,” to give one’s life in the service of others. This is why verse 5 says, “Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus.”

The attitude of humility of mind that the Philippians are to have is best illustrated in Christ, so Paul directs them to have the same manner of thinking, the same outlook, as seen in Christ. This will become determinative when we look closely at the meaning of the passage itself.

THE FORM OF GOD

The first “verse” of this ancient hymn, if we divide things along lines of thought, would comprise verses 6 and 7:

… who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men.

Here in a matter of just a few words, Paul provides us with some of the greatest insights into the nature of Christ before the Incarnation. Obviously, there are two ways to understand the passage, and one can find translations to fit either viewpoint. First, there are those who point to this passage as evidence that Christ is not truly God and was not divine prior to His coming to earth. Some of the translations that lean this direction include the Today’s English Version, the New English Bible,1 and, not surprisingly, the New World Translation. For example, the TEV says,

He always had the very nature of God, but did not think that by force he should try to become equal with God.

This translation assumes that Christ was not equal with God, and that the attitude to be emulated is that shown by His not trying to become equal with God.

The second, and much larger, group of translations sees things quite differently. These translations make it clear that Christ was eternally equal with God. These include the New International Version, the New Revised Standard Version, the Jerusalem Bible, Phillips Modern English, and The New Living Translation. Note how, for example, the NIV renders the passage:

Who, being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be grasped, but made himself nothing, taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness.

Likewise, the NRSV says,

… who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness.

And the Phillips Modern English expresses the meaning by saying,

For he, who had always been God by nature, did not cling to his privileges as God’s equal, but stripped himself of every advantage by consenting to be a slave by nature and being born a man.

We will be able to decide which translations have properly understood Paul’s thrust shortly. First, a few specifics about the text itself.

Paul says that Jesus existed in the form of God. The Greek term used here,2 just as in John 1:1, does not point to a time when Christ entered into this state. This is brought out by Phillips’ translation, “who had always been God by nature.” Certainly those who attempt to see in Christ a mere creature can find no solace in an assertion such as this.

What does it mean to exist in the form of God? The range of translations show us that the term can express a wide variety of things. The Greek term “form”3 (morphe) means the “outward display of the inner reality or substance. Here it refers to the outward display of the divine substance, i.e., divinity of the preexistent Christ in the display of his glory as being in the image of the Father.”4 This is why a number of translations render the term “nature.” “God’s nature” would refer to the state of being God. This would not merely be referring to existence as a spirit, but to divine existence. It is hard to get away from the fact that Paul is plainly presenting the deity of the preexistent Christ. We shall see in a moment that, in fact, a later comment by the apostle leaves us with no doubt about this.

EQUALITY WITH GOD

Next Paul tells us that He who (eternally) existed in the form of God did not “regard equality with God a thing to be grasped” (NASB). What does this mean? The phrase “equality with God” is not difficult to understand. Paul is talking about full divinity, a status of equal power and glory with God. Obviously, if this status is something that Christ had, the discussion over the deity of Christ is pretty well over. But obviously, those who do not believe in the deity of Christ do not agree that the passage is saying this is something Christ ever really possessed. In fact, they strongly assert that the point of the passage is that Christ did not “grasp for” or attempt to obtain “by force” this very equality with God. And in all fairness, the Greek term translated “to grasp”5 can be translated in this way. So can we know with certainty how Paul would have us to understand this term? When the early Christians sang this hymn, what did they mean? We will put all of this together shortly.

THE EMPTYING

Before we come to some final conclusions about which way we should understand this passage, we need a few more pieces of the puzzle. The hymn says that Christ did not “grasp” His equality with God but instead did something else. He “emptied Himself” is the literal translation. What does this mean?

Note first that Jesus did this himself. The passage does not say that Christ was emptied, as if some outside force or person acted upon Him. This is voluntary. This is something Christ did himself. As we will see, this is vitally important.

Secondly, the term “emptied” is always used by Paul in a metaphorical sense. The term is used in such places as Romans 4:14, where Paul says, “For if those who are of the Law are heirs, faith is made void (literally, “emptied”) and the promise is nullified.” Paul is not talking about a literal “emptying” of faith, but a metaphorical “making empty,” i.e., making void.6 So it is here. The King James Version does an excellent job by rendering it “made himself of no reputation.” Paul is not saying Jesus ceased to be God, or in any other way stopped being equal with the Father, but that He voluntarily laid aside the privileges that were His.7 When the Lord walked this earth, men did not see Him as a glorious heavenly being, for His glory was hidden, veiled. With the single exception of the Mount of Transfiguration, where a chosen few saw Him in His true glory, the rest of mankind looked upon Him who, as Isaiah had said, “has no stately form or majesty that we should look upon Him, nor appearance that we should be attracted to Him” (Isaiah 53:2).

The act of emptying is followed by an act of taking. He “became flesh” (John 1:14) by taking the form of a bond-servant and being made in the likeness of men. It is no mere coincidence that Paul uses the very same term “form” here that he used in verse 6. Just as Jesus had the form of God in eternity past, so He took the form of a bond-servant in the Incarnation.8

He who had eternally been served by cherubim and seraphim now takes on the form of a slave so as to serve others! And what service is He called to? “Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.” Here is ultimate obedience, ultimate service.

SO, ETERNALLY GOD OR NOT?

We have enough of the puzzle now to go back and ask the most basic question: is this passage identifying Jesus Christ as God or not? There are two basic understandings:

1. Many liberal theologians, as well as groups that deny the deity of Christ, assert that here we have Paul saying that the Lord Jesus was not equal with the Father and did not give consideration to becoming equal with Him, but instead took on the form of a bond-servant to die upon the cross.

2. The majority of conservative scholars and historically orthodox groups believe that Paul is teaching the eternal deity of Christ. The Lord Jesus, though equal with the Father, lays aside His privileges so as to die upon the cross.

Can we determine which view is correct? I believe we can. Remember that I originally insisted that the context of the passage would be determinative to finding the real answer to this question. And it is just here that it unlocks for us the door to the understanding of this ancient hymn of the church.

TRUE HUMILITY

The apostle is presenting the grand act of humble service in the life of the Lord Jesus Christ as the example of what it means to walk in “humility of mind.” Remember, we defined humility along the lines of having certain rights, but giving up those rights in service to others. Among Christians, this means that we are to look out for others rather than jealously guard our own rights and privileges. We are to serve others, even though we are all equals before the Lord.

In light of this, look again at Paul’s example from the Lord Jesus. He tells us to “have this mind in you which was also in Christ Jesus.” So here we have the ultimate example of humility. But which of the two understandings of the passage give us true humility? Let’s look at each and find out.

The first viewpoint says that the Lord Jesus was not equal with the Father and did not attempt to become so. Yet, is this an example of humility? Do we regularly honor as “humble” those who hold an inferior position and do not seek to usurp the rights of someone in a superior position? Is it humble, for example, to be a newly hired employee who does not seek to immediately take over the position of the president of the company? Are you considered “humble” if you do not try to usurp your boss’s authority? Do we look at the janitor at the White House, for example, and say, “Oh my, what a humble man he is, for he did not today attempt to take over the president’s job!” No, of course not. Such is not humility, it is simple common sense.

In the same way, if the Lord Jesus were merely a spirit being, a creature, how would it be “humble” of Him not to seek to become equal with God himself? Do we say someone is “humble” if they do not claim to be God? Certainly not. So if Jesus was an inferior creature, and He did not try to become equal with God, that would be no more humble than any other angelic creature abiding by their own station and not seeking to become something they were never intended to be in the first place.

On the other hand, what about the second understanding of the passage? Here we have the eternal Son of God, existing in the very form of God. He is equal with the Father, enjoying the privileges of deity itself. But He does not consider that position He has of equality something to be held on to at all costs. Instead, out of the great love He has for His people, He voluntarily lays aside those privileges and takes on the form of man. He becomes a servant in the fullest sense, for He lives His entire life in service to the very ones He has come to redeem. And in the ultimate act of service, He is obedient to the very point of death upon a cross.

Now, if humility consists of having privileges, and laying them aside in service to others, can we think of any example of humility more thrilling, more challenging, or more clear than this one? Certainly not! Therefore, we can reach only one conclusion: Paul is presenting this great early hymn as his highest example of humility of mind, and because of this, we must understand the passage to present Jesus as having eternally existed in the very form of God, having eternally possessed equality with the Father, and yet, out of His great love for us, He voluntarily laid aside those privileges so as to give His life as a “ransom for many.” If context means anything at all, this is what the passage is teaching.

THE EXALTATION OF THE SON

But we are not left with only this assertion. Paul goes on to “seal the issue,” so to speak. If the direct assertion of the eternal deity of Christ wasn’t enough, he goes on to use a passage from the Old Testament to demonstrate the deity of the Father and the Son:

Therefore also God highly exalted Him, and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus EVERY KNEE WILL BOW, of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Philippians 2:9-11)

Some point to verse 9 and say, “See, God highly exalted Jesus, hence, Jesus can’t possibly be God.” Such a statement flows from a misunderstanding of the Trinity and the simple fact that normally Paul speaks of the Father simply as “God,” and the Son simply as “Lord.” Both are titles of deity, and since we are not in any way trying to confuse the Father and the Son, we can fully understand Paul’s language. It is the Father who exalted the Son, just as it was the Son, not the Father, who took on human flesh. But notice carefully what Paul does with his words. He quotes from an Old Testament passage, Isaiah 45:23, which reads,

“I have sworn by Myself, the word has gone forth from My mouth in righteousness and will not turn back, that to Me every knee will bow, every tongue will swear allegiance.”

In context, this passage is specifically about Yahweh, the God of Israel (see Isaiah 45:21). Yet Paul quotes from this passage and says that it is to Jesus that every knee shall bow (when in Isaiah it is to Yahweh), to the glory of God the Father! How can Paul say this? Does he believe in more than one God? Certainly not! But he realizes that both the Father and the Son are worthy of the name Yahweh! To bow the knee to the Son, Jesus, is to bow to Yahweh. To do so is in no way to slight the Father, who, like the Son, shares the one divine name, Yahweh. The glorification of the Son results in the glorification of the Father as well. Perfect balance, perfect consistency with the entirety of divine revelation.

And so we understand Paul’s exhortation to humility and take it to heart. As Christ laid aside His eternal privileges to serve His people, dying as the sacrifice for their sins, so we, too, are called to give ourselves in service to others. This is the primary meaning of the passage, but it comes to us only as we understand who Christ really was and is. The example only carries its weight when we realize that the Lord Jesus eternally existed as the Father’s equal and laid aside His divine privileges out of love for us. A quasi divine Jesus, or a mighty creature, does not fit this passage but instead destroys the entire thrust. Rather, we rejoice in the truth that the Son, though eternally equal with the Father, made himself “nothing” so that we–those who name His name, love Him, and obey Him–might have eternal life.

FURTHER READING

BEYOND THE VEIL OF ETERNITY

PHILIPPIANS 2: AN ADAM CHRISTOLOGY?

“The Form of a god”? The Translation of Morphē Theou in Philippians 2:6

Philippians 2:6 In Various English Translations

Carmen Christi: Worshiping Christ as God

Revisiting the Deity of Christ in Light of the Carmen Christi Pt. 1, Pt. 2

PLINY & CHRIST’S DEITY

NWT & JESUS’ EQUALITY TO FATHER

JESUS: THE I AM HE INCARNATE

JESUS: JEHOVAH OF HOSTS

NWT & JESUS’ EQUALITY TO FATHER

The inspired Scriptures exhort believers to emulate the mindset of Christ who did not take advantage of the fact of his being equal to God in essence, glory, majesty and honor, but voluntarily set aside his status and privileges to become a human being in order to take on the position of a slave for the express purpose of dying on the cross:   

“In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as Christ Jesus: Who, being in very nature God, did not consider equality (isa) with God something to be used to his own advantage; rather, he made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness.” Philippians 2:5-7 New international Version (NIV)

The Authorized King James Version (KJV) renders the key text somewhat differently:

“Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God:” Philippians 2:6

Even here Jesus is depicted as being God’s equal.

The translators of the New World Translation (NWT) of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, on the other hand, see things differently:  

“who, although he was existing in God’s form, did not even consider the idea of trying to be equal to God.”

Instead of the prehuman Jesus being equal to God, the NWT portrays the preincarnate Christ as never having equality with the Father, and as never striving to obtain it.  

In this post I will employ the JW’s own Bible to show that, contrary to their rendering of the Philippians passage, Jesus always possessed equality with the Father but never exploited this equality for his personal, self-interests.  

This comes from the Lord’s own words to his Jewish interlocutors who sought to kill him for making himself equal to God the Father:

“Jesus said to him: ‘Get up! Pick up your mat and walk.’ And the man immediately got well, and he picked up his mat and began to walk. That day was the Sabbath.So the Jews began to say to the cured man: “It is the Sabbath, and it is not lawful for you to carry the mat.’ But he answered them: ‘The same one who made me well said to me, “Pick up your mat and walk.”’ They asked him: ‘Who is the man who told you, “Pick it up and walk”?’ But the healed man did not know who he was, for Jesus had slipped away into the crowd that was there. After this Jesus found him in the temple and said to him: ‘See, you have become well. Do not sin anymore, so that something worse does not happen to you.’ The man went away and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him well. For this reason the Jews were persecuting Jesus, because he was doing these things during the Sabbath. But he answered them: ‘My Father has kept working until now, and I keep working.’ This is why the Jews began seeking all the more to kill him, because not only was he breaking the Sabbath but he was also calling God his own Father, making himself equal to God (ison heaton poion to Theo). Therefore, in response Jesus said to them: ‘Most truly I say to you, the Son cannot do a single thing of his own initiative, but only what he sees the Father doing. For whatever things that One does, these things the Son does also in like manner. For the Father has affection for the Son and shows him all the things he himself does, and he will show him works greater than these, so that you may marvel. For just as the Father raises the dead up and makes them alive, so the Son also makes alive whomever he wants to. For the Father judges no one at all, but he has entrusted all the judging to the Son, so that all may honor the Son JUST AS they honor the Father. Whoever does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent him.’” John 5:8-23

After healing a paralytic on the Sabbath day to the ire of the Jews, Jesus explains the reason why he did so is because the Father never stops working, not even on the Sabbath. If God did stop working on the Sabbath, then this would be disastrous for creation seeing that it constantly needs him to continually sustain it in order to prevent it from perishing.

Jesus’ point was that, as God’s Son, he too needed to continue working even on the Sabbath, thereby implying his equality with the Father.  After all, only God is exempt from Sabbath restrictions, which means that for Christ to also be exempt from such regulations he must also be God in essence.

This is why the Jews correctly inferred that Jesus had made himself equal with the Father, which to them was blasphemy.

Christ goes on to reinforce this point by asserting that he only does whatever the Father does, and he is able to do everything the Father does in the same manner that the Father does it, such as raising the dead and giving life to whomever he, the Son, chooses. No mere creature could ever dare say such things without this being a blasphemy against the true God.

As if Jesus’ statements couldn’t be any more remarkable, he even claims that the Father himself demands that everyone must give the Son the exact same honor that the Father himself receives!   

This explains why in Revelation, John the Apostle depicts Jesus as receiving the exact same worship that is given to the Father.

Note, for example, the follow passages from the Apocalypse:

“Whenever the living creatures give glory and HONOR and thanksgiving to the One seated on the throne, the One who lives forever and ever,the elders fall down before the One seated on the throne and worship the One who lives forever and ever, and they cast their crowns before the throne, saying: ‘You are worthy, Jehovah our God, to receive the glory and the HONOR and the power, because you created all things, and because of your will they came into existence and were created.’” Revelation 4:9-11

“All the angels were standing around the throne and the elders and the four living creatures, and they fell facedown before the throne and worshipped God, saying: ‘Amen! Let the praise and the glory and the wisdom and the thanksgiving and the HONOR and the power and the strength be to our God forever and ever. Amen.’” Revelation 7:11-12

Now contrast this with the worship that Jesus receives:

“When he took the scroll, the four living creatures and the 24 elders fell down before the Lamb, and each one had a harp and golden bowls that were full of incense. (The incense means the prayers of the holy ones.) And they sing a new song, saying: ‘You are worthy to take the scroll and open its seals, for you were slaughtered and with your blood you bought people for God out of every tribe and tongue and people and nation, and you made them to be a kingdom and priests to our God, and they are to rule as kings over the earth.’ And I saw, and I heard a voice of many angels around the throne and the living creatures and the elders, and the number of them was myriads of myriads and thousands of thousands, and they were saying with a loud voice: ‘The Lamb who was slaughtered is worthy to receive the power and riches and wisdom and strength and HONOR and glory and blessing.’” Revelation 5:8-12

What follows next is truly astonishing:

“And I heard EVERY CREATURE in heaven and on earth and underneath the earth and on the sea, and ALL THE THINGS IN THEM, saying: ‘To the One sitting on the throne AND TO THE LAMB be the blessing and the HONOR and the glory and the might forever and ever.’ The four living creatures were saying: ‘Amen!’ and the elders fell down and worshipped.” Revelation 5:13-14

John hears all creation worshiping God and the Lamb together and forever!  

The fact that every created being throughout the entire creation worships the Son in the exact same manner that the Father is worshiped, and for the same exact duration, proves that Christ is not a created being. Rather, the Son is an uncreated divine Person who is distinct from every creature in existence, and is therefore on the Creator side of the Creator/creation divide.

There’s more!

The first believers in Christ worshiped the risen Jesus in the same way that the OT saints worshiped Jehovah God.

For example, Christians entrusted their spirits to the exalted Christ at their deaths,

“As they were stoning Stephen, he made this appeal: ‘Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.’” Acts 7:59

Something that OT believers did in respect to Jehovah:

“Into your hand I entrust my spirit. You have redeemed me, O Jehovah, the God of truth.” Psalm 31:5

In fact, the first generation of Christ’s followers were characterized by, and known for, their habitual practice of gathering together for the purpose of calling on the name of the Lord Jesus:

“to the congregation of God that is in Corinth, to you who have been sanctified in union with Christ Jesus, called to be holy ones, together with all those everywhere who are calling on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, their Lord and ours:” 1 Corinthians 1:2

And yet this is a worship pattern that we see the OT saints rendering to Jehovah alone:

“After that he planted a tamarisk tree at Beʹer-sheʹba, and there he called on the name of Jehovah, the everlasting God.” Genesis 21:33

“I love Jehovah Because he hears my voice, my pleas for help. For he inclines his ear to me, And I will call on him as long as I live.  The ropes of death encircled me; The Grave had me in its grip. I was overcome by distress and grief. But I called on the name of Jehovah: ‘O Jehovah, rescue me!’… I will take up the cup of salvation, And I will call on the name of Jehovah… I will offer to you the sacrifice of thanksgiving; I will call on the name of Jehovah.” Psalm 116:1-4, 13-14

The NT further teaches that both God and Christ have priests serving them:

“To the angel of the congregation in Philadelphia write: These are the things he says who is holy, who is true, who has the key of David, who opens so that no one will shut and shuts so that no one opens: ‘I know your deeds—look! I have set before you an opened door, which no one can shut. And I know that you have a little power, and you kept my word and did not prove false to my name.’” Revelation 3:7-8

“Happy and holy is anyone having part in the first resurrection; over these the second death has no authority, but they will be priests of God AND OF the Christ, and they will rule as kings with him for the 1,000 years.” Revelation 20:6

The OT, on the other hand, depicts Jehovah alone as having priests who minister to him:  

“Exalt Jehovah our God and bow down at his footstool; He is holy. Moses and Aaron were among his priests, And Samuel was among those calling on his name. They would call to Jehovah, And he would answer them.” Psalm 99:5-6

“As for you, you will be called the priests of Jehovah; They will call you the ministers of our God. You will eat the resources of the nations, And about their glory you will boast.” Isaiah 61:6

Moreover, the NT is replete with examples where the inspired writers supplicate both God the Father and the Lord Jesus to bestow their spiritual blessings upon the recipients of their letters:

“May you have undeserved kindness and peace from God our Father AND the Lord Jesus Christ.” 1 Corinthians 1:3

“May you have undeserved kindness and peace from God our Father AND the Lord Jesus Christ. He gave himself for our sins so that he might rescue us from the present wicked system of things according to the will of our God and Father, to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.” Galatians 1:3-5

“May you have undeserved kindness and peace from God our Father AND the Lord Jesus Christ.” Philippians 1:2

“Paul, Sil·vaʹnus, and Timothy, to the congregation of the Thes·sa·loʹni·ans in union with God our Father AND the Lord Jesus Christ: May you have undeserved kindness and peace from God the Father AND the Lord Jesus Christ… This is so that the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified in you and you in union with him, according to the undeserved kindness of our God AND OF the Lord Jesus Christ.” 2 Thessalonians 1:1-2, 12

“There will be with us undeserved kindness, mercy, and peace from God the Father AND FROM Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father, with truth and love.” 2 John 1:3

We even find places where only Jesus is invoked!

“If anyone has no affection for the Lord, let him be accursed. O our Lord, come! May the undeserved kindness of the Lord Jesus be with you. May my love be with all of you in union with Christ Jesus.” 1 Corinthians 16:22-23

“From now on let no one make trouble for me, for I am bearing on my body the brand marks of a slave of Jesus. The undeserved kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ be with the spirit you show, brothers. Amen.” Galatians 6:17-18

“The undeserved kindness of the Lord Jesus Christ be with the spirit you show.” Philippians 4:23

“The undeserved kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.” 1 Thessalonians 5:28

“The one who bears witness of these things says, ‘Yes, I am coming quickly.’ Amen! Come, Lord Jesus.’ May the undeserved kindness of the Lord Jesus be with the holy ones.” Revelation 22:20-21

These examples from the inspired Scriptures conclusively prove that Jesus Christ is indeed equal to God the Father in glory, majesty, honor and power.

Therefore, the rendering of Philippians 2:6 in the NWT is simply wrong and is nothing more than a gross mistranslation aimed to deceive the members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses from discovering the real truth of who Jesus Christ truly is.

Unless stated otherwise, scriptural references taken from New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition).

FURTHER READING

PHILIPPIANS 2: AN ADAM CHRISTOLOGY?

“The Form of a god”? The Translation of Morphē Theou in Philippians 2:6

Philippians 2:6 In Various English Translations

Carmen Christi: Worshiping Christ as God

Revisiting the Deity of Christ in Light of the Carmen Christi Pt. 1, Pt. 2

PLINY & CHRIST’S DEITY

LET EVERY THING THAT HAS BREATH PRAISE JAH JESUS!

Does Jesus Receive Latreuo?

CHRIST WORSHIPED AS GOD ALMIGHTY

HEAR O CHRISTIANS: YHWH JESUS IS ONE!

At the heart of the OT faith is the confession that YHWH God is one:

“Hear (Shema), O Israel! Yahweh is our God, Yahweh is one (YHWH echad)!” Deuteronomy 6:4

“And Yahweh will be king over all the earth; in that day Yahweh will be the only one (YHWH echad), and His name one.” Zechariah 14:9

The Jews refer to Deut. 6:4 as the Shema, which is the first word in the verse.

The Greek renders the words YHWH echad as kyrios heis (estin).

“Jesus answered, ‘The foremost is, “Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord (kyrios ho theos hemon kyrios heis estin);”’” Mark 12:29

“And the Lord (kyrios) shall be king over all the earth: in that day there shall be one Lord (kyrios heis), and his name one,” Zecharian 14:9 LXX

What this shows is that a Greek-speaking Jew would be aware that Kyrios heis or its equivalent, namely, heis Kyrios (“one Lord”) are simply the Greek way of saying YHWH echad (“the LORD is one”). As such, no monotheistic Jew could ever apply these words to a mere creature

Yet, remarkably, the first Christians who were predominately Jews ascribed this Greek phrase to the risen and exalted Christ!

Case in point:

“Now about eating food that was offered to false gods: We know that the false gods in this world don’t really exist and that no god exists except the one God (oudeis theos ei me heis). People may say that there are gods in heaven and on earth—many gods and many lords, as they would call them. But for us, ‘There is only one God, the Father (heis theos, ho pater). Everything (ta panta) came from him, and we live for him. There is only one Lord, Jesus Christ (heis kyrios ‘Iesous Christos). Everything (ta panta) came into being through him, and we live because of him.’” 1 Corinthians 8:4-6 GW

It is evident that the earliest Christians took the confession of Deuteronomy 6:4 and split it up in order to include the Son within the identity of YHWH God.

In other words, the first disciples of the risen Lord Christianized the Jewish confession of monotheism in order to describe the Father as the one God and the Son as the one YHWH, which the Shema profess.

As one popular reformed apologist puts it:

We close by looking at our final passage, which has again been presented as if it denies the deity of Christ, when in reality it is beyond understanding outside of that truth:

Therefore concerning the eating of things sacrificed to idols, we know that there is no such thing as an idol in the world, and that there is no God but one. For even if there are so-called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords, yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom are all things and we exist for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we exist through Him. (1 Corinthians 8:4-6)

Here some wish us to believe that, just like in John 17:3, Paul’s use of the phrase “one God, the Father” excludes Jesus from the realm of deity. Of course, we immediately recognize that there is a real problem here: that’s not all Paul says. If “one God, the Father” is meant to be taken exclusively, then does it not follow that “one Lord, Jesus Christ” also excludes the Father from the realm of Lordship? When we see the distinctive use of the terms “God” and “Lord,” we should realize that the Scriptures are not here introducing a competition or contest between the two. God is just as much Lord as the Lord is God. The two terms are merely being used to describe different Persons in their relationship to one another. They are not being used to say that God is more “Lord” than the Lord is “God.”

But there is something much deeper and glorious in this text that is often missed because we do not hear the words of the New Testament in their ancient context. Paul was a monotheistic Jew, a leader among his people. Each day he, and every Jew like him, repeated the Shema, the prayer that defined the Jewish people. But as an educated Jew, he was able to speak both Hebrew (Aramaic) and Greek, and hence knew the prayer in both languages. Many of his fellow Jews outside of Israel, however, would know it more proficiently in the language of the day, koine Greek. The passage comes from Deuteronomy 6:4: “Hear, O Israel! Yahweh is our God, Yahweh is one!”

But in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, which was the Bible of the early church, the Septuagint, it reads  

‘Akoue, Israel kyrios ho theos hemon kyrios heis estin

When one reads Paul’s words in 1 Corinthians 8:6 with this famous prayer in mind, it is unquestionable that the apostle is purposefully drawing from the famous Shema and, in doing so, modifying it in light of the revelation that has taken place in the Incarnation of the Son! He takes the very words of the verse and expands them. He identifies the Father as theos, and says all things are made from Him and we exist for Him. This would fit with the old form of the Shema. But then he moves right on, takes the very important term kyrios (which in the original represents the divine Name itself, Yahweh), and applies it to Jesus, and says that all things are through Him and we exist through Him! And to make sure no one misses the point, he takes the very same term used in the Shema to affirm monotheism, the important Hebrew term we looked at previously, echad, rendered in the Septuagint as heis, and applies it to both the Father and the Son (one God, one Lord). Here, the apostle expands the definitional prayer of the Old Covenant people of God in light of the New Covenant revelation of the Son, all the while protecting and maintaining the assertion of monotheism. And he does it plainly with the understanding that his audience, the believers in Corinth, already know and understand this revelation!

Surely here we see how the New Testament is not seeking to reveal something new called the Trinity, but is written with this divine truth already as the common possession of the people of God.    

In conclusion, Warfield expressed it very clearly when he wrote,

In the very act of asserting his monotheism Paul takes our Lord up into this unique Godhead. “There is no God but one,” he roundly asserts, and then illustrates and proves this assertion by remarking that the heathen may have “gods many, and lords many,” but “to us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we unto him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through him” (I Cor. vii. 6). Obviously, this “one God, the Father,” and “one Lord, Jesus Christ,” are embraced together in the one God who alone is. Paul’s conception of the one God, whom alone he worships, includes, in other words, a recognition that within the unity of His being, there exists such a distinction of Persons as is given us in the “one God, the Father” and the “one Lord, Jesus Christ.”47 (James R. White, The Forgotten Trinity: Recovering the Heart of Christian Belief [Bethany House Publishers, Grand Rapids, MI 2019], 5. Jesus Christ: God in Human Flesh, pp. 91-93; bold emphasis mine)

The following chart contrasts the Greek of Deuteronomy 6:4 with that of the Greek of 1 Cor. 8:6 in order to help the readers see this connection between YHWH and Jesus.  


“our God (ho theos hemon)”  

“The Lord… is one Lord (kyrios… kyrios heis estin).”
 
“and that there is no God but one (oudeis theos ei me heis)… one God, the Father (heis theos ho pater).”  

“one Lord Jesus Christ (heis kyrios ‘Iesous Christos).”
   

That Jesus is being described as the one YHWH can be further demonstrated from the fact that 1 Cor. 8:6 teaches that the Father created all things by the agency of Christ:

“yet for us there is only one God, the Father, from whom everything came into being and for whom we live. And there is only one Lord, Jesus the Messiah, through whom everything came into being and through whom we live.” 1 Corinthians 8:6 ISV

Here are a few more translations of this very important text:

“to us there is only one God, the Father, from whom everything comes, and for who we live. And there is one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom everything exists, and by whom we ourselves are alive” PHILLIPS

“But for us, ‘There is only one God, the Father. Everything came from him, and we live for him. There is only one Lord, Yeshua Christ. Everything came into being through him, and we live because of him.’” NOG

“But we know there is only one God. He is the Father. All things are from Him. He made us for Himself. There is one Lord. He is Jesus Christ. He made all things. He keeps us alive.” NLV

“But for us, There is one God, the Father, by whom all things were created, and for whom we live. And there is one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things were created, and through whom we live.” NLT

Now the only way that the Father could have created all things by the Lord Jesus is if Christ was already existing alongside of him before the creation ever came into being. This in turn would require the Son to be an uncreated divine Person who is separate and distinct from every created thing.

In fact, the Hebrew Scriptures emphatically insist that YHWH alone created and sustains all things:

“You alone are Yahweh. You have made the heavens, The heaven of heavens with all their host, The earth and all that is on it, The seas and all that is in them. You give life to all of them And the heavenly host bows down to You.” Nehemiah 9:6

Thus says Yahweh, your Redeemer, and the one who formed you from the womb, ‘I, Yahweh, am the maker of all things, Stretching out the heavens by Myself And spreading out the earth all ALONE,’” Isaiah 44:24

“Who ALONE stretches out the heavens, And tramples down the waves of the sea;” Job 9:8

“It is I who made the earth and created man upon it. I stretched out the heavens with My hands, And I commanded all their host… For thus says Yahweh, who created the heavens (He is the God who formed the earth and made it; He established it and did not create it a formless place, but formed it to be inhabited), ‘I am Yahweh, and there is none else.’” Isaiah 45:12, 18

This next one is quite interesting,

“Hear Me, O Jacob, even Israel whom I called; I am He, I am the first, I am also the last. Also, My hand founded the earth, And My right hand spread out the heavens; When I call to them, they stand together.” Isaiah 48:12-13

Since in the book of Revelation, it is Jesus who describes himself as that very First and Last!

“And when I saw Him, I fell at His feet like a dead man. And He placed His right hand on me, saying, ‘Do not fear; I am the first and the last, and the living One; and I was dead, and behold, I am alive forever and ever, and I have the keys of death and of Hades.’” Revelation 1:17-18

1 Cor 8:6 isn’t the only passage which speaks of Christ creating and preserving all creation:

“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being. In Him was life, and the life was the Light of men… There was the true Light which, coming into the world, enlightens everyone. He was in the world, and the world was made through Him, and the world did not know Him… And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.” John 1:1-4, 9-10, 14

“Who rescued us from the authority of darkness, and transferred us to the kingdom of the Son of His love, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins. Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation. For in Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things have been created through Him and FOR Him. And He IS before all things, And in Him all things hold together. And He is the head of the body, the church; Who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that He Himself will come to have first place in everything.” Colossians 1:13-18

“God, having spoken long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, 2 in these last days spoke to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the worlds, who is the radiance of His glory and the exact representation of His nature, and upholds all things by the word of His power; who, having accomplished cleansing for sins, sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high… And, ‘You, Lord, in the beginning founded the earth, And the heavens are the works of Your hands; They will perish, but You remain; And they all will wear out like a garment, And like a mantle You will roll them up; Like a garment they will also be changed. But You are the same, And Your years will not come to an end.’” Hebrews 1:1-3, 10-12

Remarkably, Hebrews has the Father glorifying Christ with the words of the following Psalm, which describes YHWH as the immutable Creator and Sustainer of creation!

A Prayer of the afflicted when he is faint and pours out his complaint before Yahweh. O Yahweh, hear my prayer! And let my cry for help come to You… But You, O Yahweh, abide forever, And the remembrance of Your name from generation to generation… Of old You founded the earth, And the heavens are the work of Your hands. Even they will perish, but You will remain; And all of them will wear out like a garment; Like clothing You will change them and they will be changed. But You are the same, And Your years will not come to an end.” Psalm 102:1, 12, 25-27

This merely reinforces the fact of Jesus being that very YHWH God confessed in the Shema, even though he is not the Father or the Holy Spirit.

And since YHWH is uncreated by nature, having no beginning or end,

“A Prayer of Moses, the man of God. Lord, You have been our dwelling place from generation to generation. 2 Before the mountains were born Or You brought forth the earth and the world, Even from everlasting to everlasting, You are God.” Psalm 90:1-2

“Your throne is established from of old; You are from everlasting.” Psalm 93:2

“But the lovingkindness of Yahweh is from everlasting to everlasting on those who fear Him, And His righteousness to children’s children,” Psalm 103:17

“Are You not from everlasting, O Yahweh, my God, my Holy One? We will not die. You, O Yahweh, have placed them to judge; And You, O Rock, have established them to reprove.” Habakkuk 1:12

Jesus, therefore, has no beginning to existence and his years will never end since he is that one YHWH God who became a human being for the salvation of his creation.

Unless noted otherwise, biblical citations taken from the Legacy Standard Bible (LSB).

FURTHER READING

Paul says there is only one God, and that is the Father, this means that Jesus is not God

The Christianization of the OT Shema

The Christian Shema: Confessing Jesus as Yahweh God the Son

THE CHRISTIAN SHEMA

JESUS CHRIST: THE ONE LORD OF THE SHEMA

JESUS: THE ONE AND ONLY ADONAY YHWH

The Use of Exclusive Language and the Deity of Christ [Part 1]

Jesus – The Shema’s One Lord [Part 1], [Part 2], [Addendum]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 1]

Jewish Traditions about the Afterlife

Kaddish Prayer (c. Second Temple Period, before 70 CE):

The earliest form, known as the “Half Kaddish”, dates back to the Second Temple period. The Mourner’s Kaddish is a Jewish prayer traditionally recited for eleven months after a loved one’s death and on the death anniversary (yahrzeit). It can be said for parents, children, siblings, and even in-laws. This prayer underscores the belief in aiding the souls of the deceased through sacred recitation. Here’s the text of the Mourner’s Kaddish in English:

Exalted and hallowed be God’s great name
in the world which God created, according to plan.
May God’s majesty be revealed in the days of our lifetime
and the life of all Israel — speedily, imminently,
To which we say: Amen.

Blessed be God’s great name to all eternity.

Blessed, praised, honored, exalted,
extolled, glorified, adored, and lauded
be the name of the Holy Blessed One,
beyond all earthly words and songs of blessing, praise, and comfort.
To which we say: Amen.

May there be abundant peace from heaven, and life, for us and all Israel.
To which we say: Amen.

May the One who creates harmony on high, bring peace to us and to all Israel.
To which we say: Amen.

Tanna Devei Eliyahu (c. 2nd–3rd century CE):

Often called the “Teachings of the School of Elijah,” this Midrashic text includes ethical teachings and narrative elements that emphasize intercessory power. One story tells of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, who encountered a man suffering posthumously for his sins. The man explained that he would be freed from his punishment in Gehinnom (hell) if his son would learn to say, “Blessed is the Lord.” This highlights an early belief that the actions of the living, particularly blessings and prayers, could affect the state of the deceased:

“Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai once encountered a man gathering wood. He tried to speak to him, but the man didn’t respond. Later, the man explained that he was not among the living; rather, he was dead and enduring punishment for his sins. When Rabbi Yochanan inquired further, the man revealed that he was being punished by fire in Gehinnom (hell) alongside a companion who also sinned with him.

The man pleaded with Rabbi Yochanan, saying, ‘I left behind a pregnant wife. When my son is born and reaches the age to say, “Blessed is the Lord,” I will be released from judgment in Gehinnom.’ He requested that Rabbi Yochanan help ensure his son would be taught the blessings, so he could eventually secure release from punishment.”

2. Talmudic Perspectives on Purgatory and Intercession

Pesachim 118a (c. 3rd–5th century CE):

This Talmudic text offers insight into how the recitation of Psalms, particularly Psalm 116, was seen as powerful for the deliverance of souls. It cites Psalm 116:4, “I beseech You, Lord, deliver my soul,” as a plea with the capacity to aid those in Gehinnom. Rav Nahman bar Yitzhak and Hizkya discuss the spiritual impact of these verses:

“Rav Nahman bar Yitzhak said: Another reason why one recites Hallel (Psalms 113–118) is because it contains a reference to the deliverance of the souls of the righteous from Gehenna, as it is stated: ‘I beseech you, Lord, deliver my soul.’ Hizkya said: Another reason is because it contains the story of the descent of the righteous Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah into the fiery furnace and their miraculous ascent from it.”

Rosh Hashanah 16b (c. 3rd–5th century CE):

This passage elaborates on the judgment of souls. The Shammaite tradition divides them into three groups on the Day of Judgment: the wholly righteous, destined for eternal life; the wholly wicked, assigned to Gehenna; and intermediates, who descend to Gehenna temporarily to be cleansed:

“It is taught in a baraita: Beit Shammai say: There will be three groups of people on the great Day of Judgment at the end of days: one of wholly righteous people, one of wholly wicked people, and one of middling people. Wholly righteous people will immediately be written and sealed for eternal life. Wholly wicked people will immediately be written and sealed for Gehenna, as it is stated: ‘And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall wake, some to eternal life and some to shame and everlasting contempt’ (Dan 12:2). Middling people will descend to Gehenna to be cleansed and to achieve atonement for their sins.”

Chagigah 15b (c. 3rd–5th century CE):

The case of Aḥer (Elisha ben Abuyah), a sage who strayed from righteousness, is examined. His student Rabbi Meir interceded on his behalf posthumously, asking Heaven to allow Aḥer’s soul to be judged and purified. Smoke rising from Aḥer’s grave after Rabbi Meir’s death signifies that the intercession was granted, a parallel to purgatorial cleansing:

“The Gemara relates: When Aher passed away, the Heavenly Court declared that he should not be judged, nor brought into the World-to-Come. He should not be judged in a manner befitting his deeds, because he occupied himself with Torah, whose merit protects him. And he should not be brought into the World-to-Come because he sinned. Rabbi Meir said: It is better that he be judged properly and be brought into the World-to-Come. When I die I will request this of Heaven, and I will cause smoke to rise up from his grave, as a sign that he is being sentenced in Gehenna. The Gemara relates: When Rabbi Meir passed away, smoke rose up from the grave of Aher, implying that Rabbi Meir’s wish was granted.”

3. Evidence of Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead in Early Christianity

St. Epiphanius of Salamis Against Aerius (Panarion, c. 374–377 CE):

St. Epiphanius addresses Aerius, an Arian who rejected prayers for the dead. Epiphanius defends the practice as a longstanding tradition from the Fathers, aligning the Church’s customs with Scriptural authority. He asserts the permanence of this tradition within the Church as Aerius argues that this has its origins in “Jewish Customs,”

“Why do you mention the names of the dead [in prayer] after their deaths? If the living prays or has given alms, how will this benefit the dead? If the prayer of the people here has benefited the people there, no one should practice piety or perform good works! He should get some friends any way he wants, either by bribery or by asking friends on his deathbed, and they should pray that he may not suffer in the next life, or be held to account for his heinous sins.”

“And there can be no set time for fasting,” he says. ‘These are Jewish customs..” (Panarion 75.3.5)

“But I shall take up the thread of this topic [i.e., praying for the dead] once more. The Church is bound to keep this custom because she has received a tradition from the Fathers. And who can violate a mother’s precept or a father’s law? As the words of Solomon tell us, ‘Hear, my son, the words of thy father, and reject not the precepts of thy mother,’ showing that the Father – God, that is – and the Only-begotten and the Holy Spirit taught both in writing and in unwritten form. But our mother the Church had precepts which she kept inviolate, and which cannot be broken.” (Panarion 75.8.1-3)

“But who has better knowledge of these things? The deluded man who has just arrived and is still alive today [i.e. Aërius], or those who were witnesses before us, who have had the tradition in the Church before us and received it in this form from their fathers – and their fathers in turn, who learned it from those before them, just as the Church possesses the true faith and the traditions to this day because she has received them from her fathers?” (Panarion Bk II 75.6.3)

FURTHER READING

Prayers of Jews to Angels and Other Intermediaries

EARLY CHURCH ON PURGATORY

EARLY CHURCH ON PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD